Association between the change in heat shock protein level and cognitive function during follow-up period. ^†

<p>† Linear mixed model was tested.</p><p>Adjusted by age, gender, years of education, follow-up duration, APOE e4, hypertension, and diabetes.</p><p>Abbreviation: K-BNT = Korean version of Boston Naming Test, SVLT = Seoul Verbal Learning Test, RCFT = Rey-Complex Figure Test, COWAT = Controlled Oral Word Association Test.</p><p>Association between the change in heat shock protein level and cognitive function during follow-up period. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0119180#t003fn001" target="_blank">^†</a></p

Interactive effects between time and group on change in plasma HSP levels.

<p>Repeated measure ANOVA was tested. Adjusted for age, gender, years of education, follow-up duration, APOE e4, hypertension, and diabetes (HSP70: F = 7.59 <i>p</i> = 0.008; HSP27: F = 0.67, <i>p</i> = 0.416). * <i>p</i> = 0.008.</p

Baseline characteristics of the study participants by activity participation (n = 6,647).

<p>Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD) or <i>n</i> (%).</p><p>^a Group A (participants who did not participate in any type of physical, social, and religious activity frequently), group B (participants who participated in only one type of activity frequently), group C (participants who participated in two or three types of activity frequently).</p><p>^b Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and <i>x</i>²-test for categorical variables.</p><p>K-IADL: Korean version of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, MMSE-KC: Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination, SGDS-K: Korean version of 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale.</p><p>Baseline characteristics of the study participants by activity participation (n = 6,647).</p

Group classification by physical, social, and religious activity participation (<i>n</i> = 6,647).

<p>^aAt least 30 minutes per session of physical activity.</p><p>Group classification by physical, social, and religious activity participation (<i>n</i> = 6,647).</p

Flow chart of participants.

<p>Flow chart of participants.</p